Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
??Domains
??Protocols
??Numbers
??About
JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)
Created
2015-01-23
Last Updated
2025-08-13
Available Formats
[IMG]
XML [IMG]
HTML [IMG]
Plain text
Registries Included Below
??JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters
??JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms
??JSON Web Encryption Compression Algorithms
??JSON Web Key Types
??JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve
??JSON Web Key Parameters
??JSON Web Key Use
??JSON Web Key Operations
??JSON Web Key Set Parameters
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7515]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7515]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Header Header
Parameter Header Parameter Description Parameter Change Controller Reference
Name Usage
Location(s)
alg Algorithm JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.1]
jku JWK Set URL JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.2]
jwk JSON Web Key JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.3]
kid Key ID JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.4]
x5u X.509 URL JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.5]
x5c X.509 Certificate Chain JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.6]
x5t X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.7]
x5t#S256 X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.8]
typ Type JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.9]
cty Content Type JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.10]
crit Critical JWS [IESG] [RFC7515, Section 4.1.11]
alg Algorithm JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.1]
enc Encryption Algorithm JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.2]
zip Compression Algorithm JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.3]
jku JWK Set URL JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.4]
jwk JSON Web Key JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.5]
kid Key ID JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.6]
x5u X.509 URL JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.7]
x5c X.509 Certificate Chain JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.8]
x5t X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.9]
x5t#S256 X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.10]
typ Type JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.11]
cty Content Type JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.12]
crit Critical JWE [IESG] [RFC7516, Section 4.1.13]
epk Ephemeral Public Key JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6.1.1]
apu Agreement PartyUInfo JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6.1.2]
apv Agreement PartyVInfo JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6.1.3]
iv Initialization Vector JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.7.1.1]
tag Authentication Tag JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.7.1.2]
p2s PBES2 Salt Input JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.8.1.1]
p2c PBES2 Count JWE [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.8.1.2]
iss Issuer JWE [IESG] [RFC7519, Section 4.1.1]
sub Subject JWE [IESG] [RFC7519, Section 4.1.2]
aud Audience JWE [IESG] [RFC7519, Section 4.1.3]
b64 Base64url-Encode Payload JWS [IESG] [RFC7797, Section 3]
ppt PASSporT extension identifier JWS [IESG] [RFC8225, Section 8.1]
url URL JWE, JWS [IESG] [RFC8555, Section 6.4.1]
nonce Nonce JWE, JWS [IESG] [RFC8555, Section 6.5.2]
svt Signature Validation Token JWS [IETF] [RFC9321]
trust_chain OpenID Federation Trust Chain JWS [OpenID_Foundation_Artifact_Binding_Working_Group] [OpenID Federation 1.0, Section 4.0]
The iheSSId header parameter's value shall specify the
iheSSId SubmissionSet.uniqueId as per JWS [IHE_ITI] [https://profiles.ihe.net/ITI/DSGj/Volume3/ch-5.10.html#5.10]
[https://profiles.ihe.net/ITI/TF/Volume3/ch-4.2.html#4.2.3.3.12].
jwt This header contains a JWT. Processing rules MAY depend on the JWS [OpenID_Foundation_Digital_Credentials_Protocols_Working_Group] [OpenID for Verifiable Presentations 1.0, Section 12]
typ header value of the respective JWT.
This header contains a Client Identifier. A Client Identifier is
client_id used in OAuth to identify a certain client. It is defined in JWS [IETF] [RFC6749]
[RFC6749], section 2.2.
JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7518][RFC-ietf-jose-fully-specified-algorithms-13, Section 4.3.1]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7518]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Algorithm JOSE
Algorithm Name Algorithm Description Usage Implementation Change Controller Reference Algorithm Analysis Document(s)
Location(s) Requirements
HS256 HMAC using SHA-256 alg Required [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.2] n/a
HS384 HMAC using SHA-384 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.2] n/a
HS512 HMAC using SHA-512 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.2] n/a
RS256 RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using alg Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.3] n/a
SHA-256
RS384 RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.3] n/a
SHA-384
RS512 RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 using alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.3] n/a
SHA-512
ES256 ECDSA using P-256 and alg Recommended+ [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.4] n/a
SHA-256
ES384 ECDSA using P-384 and alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.4] n/a
SHA-384
ES512 ECDSA using P-521 and alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.4] n/a
SHA-512
PS256 RSASSA-PSS using SHA-256 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.5] n/a
and MGF1 with SHA-256
PS384 RSASSA-PSS using SHA-384 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.5] n/a
and MGF1 with SHA-384
PS512 RSASSA-PSS using SHA-512 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.5] n/a
and MGF1 with SHA-512
none No digital signature or alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 3.6] n/a
MAC performed
RSA1_5 RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5 alg Recommended- [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.2] n/a
RSA-OAEP RSAES OAEP using default alg Recommended+ [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.3] n/a
parameters
RSA-OAEP-256 RSAES OAEP using SHA-256 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.3] n/a
and MGF1 with SHA-256
A128KW AES Key Wrap using alg Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.4] n/a
128-bit key
A192KW AES Key Wrap using alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.4] n/a
192-bit key
A256KW AES Key Wrap using alg Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.4] n/a
256-bit key
dir Direct use of a shared alg Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.5] n/a
symmetric key
ECDH-ES ECDH-ES using Concat KDF alg Recommended+ [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6] n/a
ECDH-ES+A128KW ECDH-ES using Concat KDF alg Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6] n/a
and "A128KW" wrapping
ECDH-ES+A192KW ECDH-ES using Concat KDF alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6] n/a
and "A192KW" wrapping
ECDH-ES+A256KW ECDH-ES using Concat KDF alg Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.6] n/a
and "A256KW" wrapping
A128GCMKW Key wrapping with AES alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.7] n/a
GCM using 128-bit key
A192GCMKW Key wrapping with AES alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.7] n/a
GCM using 192-bit key
A256GCMKW Key wrapping with AES alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.7] n/a
GCM using 256-bit key
PBES2-HS256+A128KW PBES2 with HMAC SHA-256 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.8] n/a
and "A128KW" wrapping
PBES2-HS384+A192KW PBES2 with HMAC SHA-384 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.8] n/a
and "A192KW" wrapping
PBES2-HS512+A256KW PBES2 with HMAC SHA-512 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 4.8] n/a
and "A256KW" wrapping
AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256
A128CBC-HS256 authenticated encryption enc Required [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 5.2.3] n/a
algorithm
AES_192_CBC_HMAC_SHA_384
A192CBC-HS384 authenticated encryption enc Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 5.2.4] n/a
algorithm
AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_512
A256CBC-HS512 authenticated encryption enc Required [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 5.2.5] n/a
algorithm
A128GCM AES GCM using 128-bit enc Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 5.3] n/a
key
A192GCM AES GCM using 192-bit enc Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 5.3] n/a
key
A256GCM AES GCM using 256-bit enc Recommended [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 5.3] n/a
key
EdDSA EdDSA signature alg Deprecated [IETF] [RFC-ietf-jose-fully-specified-algorithms-13, [RFC8032]
algorithms Section 2.2]
RS1 RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 with JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
SHA-1
RSA-OAEP-384 RSA-OAEP using SHA-384 alg Optional [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] n/a
and MGF1 with SHA-384
RSA-OAEP-512 RSA-OAEP using SHA-512 alg Optional [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] n/a
and MGF1 with SHA-512
A128CBC AES CBC using 128 bit JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
key
A192CBC AES CBC using 192 bit JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
key
A256CBC AES CBC using 256 bit JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
key
A128CTR AES CTR using 128 bit JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
key
A192CTR AES CTR using 192 bit JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
key
A256CTR AES CTR using 256 bit JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
key
HS1 HMAC using SHA-1 JWK Prohibited [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI] [draft-irtf-cfrg-webcrypto-algorithms-00]
ES256K ECDSA using secp256k1 alg Optional [IESG] [RFC8812, Section 3.2] [SEC2]
curve and SHA-256
ML-DSA-44 as described
ML-DSA-44 in FIPS 204 (TEMPORARY - alg Optional [IETF] [draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-06] [FIPS-204]
registered 2025-04-24,
expires 2026-04-24)
ML-DSA-65 as described
ML-DSA-65 in FIPS 204 (TEMPORARY - alg Optional [IETF] [draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-06] [FIPS-204]
registered 2025-04-24,
expires 2026-04-24)
ML-DSA-87 as described
ML-DSA-87 in FIPS 204 (TEMPORARY - alg Optional [IETF] [draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-06] [FIPS-204]
registered 2025-04-24,
expires 2026-04-24)
Ed25519 EdDSA using Ed25519 alg Optional [IETF] [RFC-ietf-jose-fully-specified-algorithms-13, [RFC8032]
curve Section 2.2]
Ed448 EdDSA using Ed448 curve alg Optional [IETF] [RFC-ietf-jose-fully-specified-algorithms-13, [RFC8032]
Section 2.2]
JSON Web Encryption Compression Algorithms
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7518]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7518]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Compression Algorithm Value Compression Algorithm Description Change Controller Reference
DEF DEFLATE [IESG] [RFC7516]
JSON Web Key Types
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7518][RFC7638]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7518]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
"kty" Parameter Value Key Type Description JOSE Implementation Change Controller Reference
Requirements
EC Elliptic Curve Recommended+ [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2]
RSA RSA Required [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3]
oct Octet sequence Required [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.4]
OKP Octet string key pairs Optional [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 2]
AKP Algorithm Key Pair (TEMPORARY - registered Optional [IETF] [draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-06]
2025-04-24, expires 2026-04-24)
JSON Web Key Elliptic Curve
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7518][RFC7638]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7518]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Curve Name Curve Description JOSE Implementation Requirements Change Controller Reference
P-256 P-256 Curve Recommended+ [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.1.1]
P-384 P-384 Curve Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.1.1]
P-521 P-521 Curve Optional [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.1.1]
Ed25519 Ed25519 signature algorithm key pairs Optional [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 3.1]
Ed448 Ed448 signature algorithm key pairs Optional [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 3.1]
X25519 X25519 function key pairs Optional [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 3.2]
X448 X448 function key pairs Optional [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 3.2]
secp256k1 SECG secp256k1 curve Optional [IESG] [RFC8812, Section 3.1]
JSON Web Key Parameters
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7517][RFC7638]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7517]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Parameter Used with Parameter
Name Parameter Description "kty" Information Change Controller Reference
Value(s) Class
kty Key Type * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.1]
use Public Key Use * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.2]
key_ops Key Operations * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
alg Algorithm * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.4]
kid Key ID * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.5]
x5u X.509 URL * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.6]
x5c X.509 Certificate * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.7]
Chain
x5t X.509 Certificate * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.8]
SHA-1 Thumbprint
x5t#S256 X.509 Certificate * Public [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.9]
SHA-256 Thumbprint
crv Curve EC Public [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.1.1]
x X Coordinate EC Public [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.1.2]
y Y Coordinate EC Public [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.1.3]
d ECC Private Key EC Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.2.2.1]
n Modulus RSA Public [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.1.1]
e Exponent RSA Public [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.1.2]
d Private Exponent RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.1]
p First Prime Factor RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.2]
q Second Prime Factor RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.3]
dp First Factor CRT RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.4]
Exponent
dq Second Factor CRT RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.5]
Exponent
qi First CRT Coefficient RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.6]
oth Other Primes Info RSA Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.3.2.7]
k Key Value oct Private [IESG] [RFC7518, Section 6.4.1]
crv The subtype of key OKP Public [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 2]
pair
d The private key OKP Private [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 2]
x The public key OKP Public [IESG] [RFC8037, Section 2]
ext Extractable * Public [W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] [https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI]
iat Issued At, as defined * Public [OpenID_Foundation_Artifact_Binding_Working_Group] [OpenID Federation 1.0, Section 8.7.2]
in [RFC7519]
nbf Not Before, as defined * Public [OpenID_Foundation_Artifact_Binding_Working_Group] [OpenID Federation 1.0, Section 8.7.2]
in [RFC7519]
exp Expiration Time, as * Public [OpenID_Foundation_Artifact_Binding_Working_Group] [OpenID Federation 1.0, Section 8.7.2]
defined in [RFC7519]
revoked Revoked Key Properties * Public [OpenID_Foundation_Artifact_Binding_Working_Group] [OpenID Federation 1.0, Section 8.7.2]
Public key (TEMPORARY
pub - registered AKP Public [IETF] [draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-06]
2025-04-24, expires
2026-04-24)
Private key (TEMPORARY
priv - registered AKP Private [IETF] [draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-08]
2025-07-24, expires
2026-07-24)
JSON Web Key Use
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7517]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7517]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Use Member Value Use Description Change Controller Reference
sig Digital Signature or MAC [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.2]
enc Encryption [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.2]
JSON Web Key Operations
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7517]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7517]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Key Operation Value Key Operation Description Change Controller Reference
sign Compute digital signature or MAC [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
verify Verify digital signature or MAC [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
encrypt Encrypt content [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
decrypt Decrypt content and validate decryption, if applicable [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
wrapKey Encrypt key [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
unwrapKey Decrypt key and validate decryption, if applicable [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
deriveKey Derive key [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
deriveBits Derive bits not to be used as a key [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 4.3]
JSON Web Key Set Parameters
Registration Procedure(s)
Specification Required
Expert(s)
Sean Turner, Mike Jones, Filip Skokan
Reference
[RFC7517]
Note
Registration requests should be sent to the mailing list described in
[RFC7517]. If approved, designated experts should notify IANA within
three weeks. For assistance, please contact iana@iana.org.
Available Formats
[IMG]
CSV
Parameter Name Parameter Description Change Controller Reference
keys Array of JWK Values [IESG] [RFC7517, Section 5.1]
Contact Information
ID Name Contact URI Last
Updated
[IESG] IESG mailto:iesg&ietf.org
[IETF] IETF mailto:iesg&ietf.org
[IHE_ITI] IHE ITI https://www.ihe.net 2025-02-27
OpenID
Foundation
[OpenID_Foundation_Artifact_Binding_Working_Group] Artifact mailto:openid-specs-ab&lists.openid.net 2024-08-20
Binding
Working
Group
OpenID
Foundation
Digital
[OpenID_Foundation_Digital_Credentials_Protocols_Working_Group] Credentials mailto:openid-specs-digital-credentials-protocols&lists.openid.net 2025-08-13
Protocols
Working
Group
W3C Web
Application
[W3C_Web_Application_Security_WG] Security mailto:public-webappsec&w3.org 2024-10-16
Working
Group
Licensing Terms
Presently we were in a very dark road, and at a point where it dropped suddenly between steep sides we halted in black shadow. A gleam of pale sand, a whisper of deep flowing waters, and a farther glimmer of more sands beyond them challenged our advance. We had come to a "grapevine ferry." The scow was on the other side, the water too shoal for the horses to swim, and the bottom, most likely, quicksand. Out of the blackness of the opposite shore came a soft, high-pitched, quavering, long-drawn, smothered moan of woe, the call of that snivelling little sinner the screech-owl. Ferry murmured to me to answer it and I sent the same faint horror-stricken tremolo back. Again it came to us, from not farther than one might toss his cap, and I followed Ferry down to the water's edge. The grapevine guy swayed at our side, we heard the scow slide from the sands, and in a few moments, moved by two videttes, it touched our shore. Soon we were across, the two videttes riding with us, and beyond a sharp rise, in an old opening made by the swoop of a hurricane, we entered the silent unlighted bivouac of Ferry's scouts. Ferry got down and sat on the earth talking with Quinn, while the sergeants quietly roused the sleepers to horse. Plotinus is driven by this perplexity to reconsider the whole theory of Matter.477 He takes Aristotle¡¯s doctrine as the groundwork of his investigation. According to this, all existence is divided into Matter and Form. What we know of things¡ªin other words, the sum of their differential characteristics¡ªis their Form. Take away this, and the unknowable residuum is their Matter. Again, Matter is the vague indeterminate something out of which particular Forms are developed. The two are related as Possibility to Actuality, as the more generic to the more specific substance through every grade of classification and composition. Thus there are two Matters, the one sensible and the other intelligible. The former constitutes the common substratum of bodies, the other the common element of ideas.478 The general distinction between Matter and Form was originally suggested to Aristotle by Plato¡¯s remarks on the same subject; but he differs325 from his master in two important particulars. Plato, in his Timaeus, seems to identify Matter with space.479 So far, it is a much more positive conception than the ?λη of the Metaphysics. On the other hand, he constantly opposes it to reality as something non-existent; and he at least implies that it is opposed to absolute good as a principle of absolute evil.480 Thus while the Aristotelian world is formed by the development of Power into Actuality, the Platonic world is composed by the union of Being and not-Being, of the Same and the Different, of the One and the Many, of the Limit and the Unlimited, of Good and Evil, in varying proportions with each other. The Lawton woman had heard of an officer's family at Grant, which was in need of a cook, and had gone there. [See larger version] On the 8th of July an extraordinary Privy Council was summoned. All the members, of whatever party, were desired to attend, and many were the speculations as to the object of their meeting. The general notion was that it involved the continuing or the ending of the war. It turned out to be for the announcement of the king's intended marriage. The lady selected was Charlotte, the second sister of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Apart from the narrowness of her education, the young princess had a considerable amount of amiability, good sense, and domestic taste. These she shared with her intended husband, and whilst they made the royal couple always retiring, at the same time they caused them to give, during their lives, a moral air to their court. On the 8th of September Charlotte arrived at St. James's, and that afternoon the marriage took place, the ceremony being performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury. On the 22nd the coronation took place with the greatest splendour. Mother and girls were inconsolable, for each had something that they were sure "Si would like," and would "do him good," but they knew Josiah Klegg, Sr., well enough to understand what was the condition when he had once made up his mind. CHAPTER V. THE YOUNG RECRUITS Si proceeded to deftly construct a litter out of the two guns, with some sticks that he cut with a knife, and bound with pawpaw strips. His voice had sunk very low, almost to sweetness. A soft flurry of pink went over her face, and her eyelids drooped. Then suddenly she braced herself, pulled herself taut, grew combative again, though her voice shook. HoME²Ô¾®Ïè̫ʲôÐÇ×ù
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